In-depth, plain-English guides to Egyptian law — company setup, visas, tenancy agreements, taxes, severance pay, traffic rules, and much more. Every guide draws on the official legal texts and cites the article numbers you can check against the Official Gazette.
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If you are looking to know the actual form of the authentic Egyptian divorce certificate before obtaining it, or if you need a copy to complete an official procedure, this guide explains what the document actually contains, who issues it, and how to distinguish the genuine from…
6 min read
If you're planning to drive in Egypt — whether you're a resident, a new expat, or an Egyptian turning 18 — you need a valid licence issued by the Traffic Department (Idarat al-Muroor). No shortcuts. The rules changed meaningfully under Traffic Law 121 of 2008 and its executive…
7 min read
If you recently left your job, traveled abroad, reached retirement age without completing the required subscription period, you are likely wondering how to recover your social insurance benefits in Egypt and whether you are actually entitled to this right. The law allows this…
5 min read
If you are an employer or administrator responsible for administrative affairs in an Egyptian establishment, delaying payment of insurance contributions, even for a few days, may cost you amounts that accumulate rapidly. The law here is unforgiving, and the National Social…
5 min read
If you are an employer, employee, or freelancer trying to track your insurance contributions, you need to deal with the electronic portal of the National Social Insurance Authority. The site has improved significantly over recent years, but it still confuses many people on their…
5 min read
If you're following what's being said about the breakdown of the Egyptian family, or if you yourself are going through difficult circumstances in your marriage, the official figures matter to you. This guide unpacks what data from the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and…
6 min read
If you're planning to hire a foreigner in Egypt or move here yourself for a job, the Egypt work visa process is less a single step than a chain of permissions. You need the right entry visa, a work permit from the Ministry of Manpower, and a matching residence permit. Miss one…
7 min read
Egyptian Income Tax Law No. 91 of 2005 places clear obligations on employers to withhold income tax from employee salaries and remit it to the Egyptian Tax Authority on their behalf. For expats working in Egypt — whether employed by a local company, a foreign multinational with…
Egypt's income tax system uses a progressive rate structure, meaning the more you earn, the higher the rate applied to the upper portion of your income. Egyptian Income Tax Law No. 91 of 2005 sets out the tax brackets, rates, and a number of important exemptions that can reduce…
Understanding whether you are considered a tax resident in Egypt is the critical first step in determining your income tax obligations under Egyptian Income Tax Law No. 91 of 2005. The law sets out specific conditions that can make you a resident for tax purposes, even if you do…
Not all goods and services in Egypt attract VAT at the standard 14% rate — a range of exemptions, zero-ratings, and special rules apply depending on the nature of the transaction, the buyer's status, and where business is conducted. For expats living in Egypt, particularly those…
Egypt's Value Added Tax (VAT), governed by Law No. 67 of 2016, applies to most goods and services sold or imported in the country at a standard rate of 14%. Whether you are shopping, running a business, or importing personal belongings, understanding how VAT works in Egypt is…
Egypt's Law No. 175 of 2018 contains robust provisions targeting online fraud, financial cybercrime, and digital identity theft — offenses that affect expats both as potential victims and, in some cases, as defendants. Whether you have been defrauded through a fake account, had…
Egypt's Law No. 175 of 2018 criminalizes a broad range of computer and network access offenses, from intentional hacking to inadvertently remaining in a system you are not authorized to use. For expats working in IT, finance, business, or any role involving digital systems…
Most expats focus on prison sentences and fines when thinking about criminal law in Egypt, but some of the most significant long-term consequences of a criminal conviction in Egypt are the ancillary penalties — secondary punishments that automatically attach to a conviction and…
If you are an expat living in Egypt, understanding the country's criminal sentencing system could be one of the most important steps you take to protect yourself legally. Egypt's Penal Code sets out a detailed framework of penalties ranging from minor fines to capital punishment…
Beyond everyday retail transactions, Egypt's Consumer Protection Law regulates specific high-risk commercial practices including unsolicited door-to-door selling, promotional competitions, and real estate pre-sales. These areas carry particular risks for expats who may be…
Egypt's Commercial Code sets out clear rules about who legally qualifies as a trader — and those rules apply to foreign nationals just as they do to Egyptian citizens. Whether you are an expat entrepreneur, a foreign company representative, or someone running a side business in…
Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 provides robust financial protections for workers, including guaranteed annual pay increments, priority claims over employer assets, and rights that survive company closure or bankruptcy. For expats employed in Egypt, understanding these…
Understanding your digital privacy rights — and their limits — is essential for expats living and working in Egypt. Under Egypt's Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes Law (Law No. 175 of 2018), authorities have significant legal powers to monitor communications, access…
Expats in Egypt who use social media, run blogs, or publish content online need to understand how Egyptian law regulates digital expression. Egypt's Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes Law (Law No. 175 of 2018) contains specific provisions that criminalize a range of…
Egypt's Anti-Cyber and Information Technology Crimes Law (Law No. 175 of 2018) establishes a comprehensive legal framework governing online conduct, digital privacy, and cybersecurity. For expats living or working in Egypt, understanding this law is essential — violations can…
Unsolicited marketing calls, spam emails, and targeted advertising are common frustrations for expats in any country. In Egypt, Law No. 151 of 2020 places specific obligations on businesses that use your personal data for direct marketing purposes. Whether you are dealing with…
If you live in Egypt as an expat, your personal data may regularly cross international borders — whether your employer sends payroll data overseas, your doctor shares records with a foreign insurer, or you use a cloud-based platform hosted outside Egypt. Law No. 151 of 2020…
If a company or organization holding your personal data suffers a security breach in Egypt, Law No. 151 of 2020 requires them to notify the relevant authorities within strict timeframes. As an expat, knowing what obligations businesses have after a breach — and what steps you can…
Egypt's Personal Data Protection Law (Law No. 151 of 2020) gives you significant rights over how your personal information is collected, stored, and used. As an expat living in Egypt, understanding these rights is essential whether you are opening a bank account, signing a rental…
Being arrested or detained in Egypt as a foreign national is a frightening experience, and knowing your legal rights under Egyptian criminal law can make a critical difference in the outcome of your case. Egypt's Penal Code (Law No. 58 of 1937) establishes foundational principles…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 181 of 2018) places significant obligations on suppliers and producers to ensure the safety and quality of goods sold in Egypt. From mandatory health and safety standards to defect reporting requirements and product liability rules, the…
Many expats in Egypt purchase furniture, electronics, and other goods through installment payment plans. Egypt's Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 181 of 2018) sets out clear obligations for suppliers offering credit or installment sales, ensuring transparency about total costs.…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 181 of 2018) includes robust protections against misleading advertising, hidden prices, and deceptive trade practices. Expats unfamiliar with local market norms can be particularly vulnerable to pricing tricks and false product claims.…
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