In-depth, plain-English guides to Egyptian law — company setup, visas, tenancy agreements, taxes, severance pay, traffic rules, and much more. Every guide draws on the official legal texts and cites the article numbers you can check against the Official Gazette.
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The Egyptian Commercial Code (Law No. 17 of 1999) is the foundational law governing all business and trading activity in Egypt. For expats setting up a company, entering commercial contracts, or simply operating a business in the country, understanding how this law works — and…
One of the most misunderstood aspects of starting a business in Egypt is the personal legal exposure that founders carry during the company formation period. Law No. 159 of 1981 imposes significant joint liability on founders for actions taken before and during company…
One of the most tangible benefits introduced or preserved under Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 is the mandatory annual pay increment for all covered workers, including expatriates. Alongside this, the law provides powerful wage priority protections ensuring employees are among…
One of the most frequently misunderstood areas of Egyptian law for foreigners is how legal capacity and civil status are determined when one party is a foreign national. Egypt's Civil Code contains specific conflict-of-laws rules that determine whether Egyptian law or your home…
Facing any contact with the Egyptian criminal justice system — whether as a suspect, witness, or accused person — can be an overwhelming experience for expats unfamiliar with local legal procedures. Egypt's Penal Code contains several important legal protections that apply…
One of the most misunderstood aspects of living in Egypt as a foreigner is the reach of Egyptian criminal jurisdiction. Many expats assume that their home country's legal protections shield them from full exposure to Egyptian criminal law — this is incorrect. Under the Egyptian…
Egypt's Penal Code (Law No. 58 of 1937) is the foundational criminal law governing behavior within Egyptian territory. For expats living or working in Egypt, understanding how this law applies to you — regardless of your nationality — is essential for staying safe and legally…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Law extends beyond everyday retail purchases to cover real estate transactions, home services, and installment sales — areas where expats frequently encounter disputes. Law No. 181 of 2018 sets out specific rules for property advertising, service…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Agency (CPA) is the government body responsible for enforcing Law No. 181 of 2018 and protecting consumers from unfair business practices. For expats in Egypt, knowing how to escalate a complaint when a supplier refuses to cooperate can be the…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Law places significant obligations on businesses and suppliers to be transparent with consumers about pricing, product information, and documentation. For expats navigating Egyptian markets, supermarkets, and service providers, knowing what sellers are…
Egypt's Consumer Protection Law (Law No. 181 of 2018) gives expats and residents strong legal rights when shopping, whether in physical stores or online. Understanding these rights can save you money and frustration when products don't meet expectations. This guide breaks down…
One of the most important — and frequently misunderstood — aspects of doing business in Egypt is knowing which legal framework applies to your transactions and disputes. Egypt's Commercial Code (Law No. 17 of 1999) establishes a clear hierarchy of governing rules for commercial…
Egyptian commercial law imposes strict bookkeeping and record-keeping obligations on traders operating in Egypt. Under Law No. 17 of 1999, any trader whose capital invested in trade exceeds twenty thousand Egyptian pounds must maintain proper commercial books. For expats running…
Egypt's Commercial Code (Law No. 17 of 1999) sets out specific rules about who has the legal capacity to engage in trade — including foreign nationals living in Egypt. Understanding these rules is critical for expats who want to start a business, work as a commercial agent, or…
If you are an expat considering starting a business or engaging in trade in Egypt, understanding what legally qualifies as a 'commercial act' is essential. Egypt's Commercial Code (Law No. 17 of 1999) sets out clear definitions that determine whether Egyptian commercial law…
Once your company is registered in Egypt, ongoing legal compliance is not optional — it is a continuous obligation under Egyptian Companies Law No. 159 of 1981. From mandatory disclosures on company documents to rules around modifying company statutes and managing founder…
The Limited Liability Company (LLC) is the most accessible and widely used business structure for expats in Egypt, offering a balance of simplicity, cost-efficiency, and personal liability protection. Governed by Egyptian Companies Law No. 159 of 1981, the LLC structure limits…
Establishing a legally recognized company in Egypt involves a structured series of steps governed by Egyptian Companies Law No. 159 of 1981. From drafting the founding act to depositing capital and registering with Egyptian authorities, each stage carries specific legal…
If you are an expat looking to start a business in Egypt, understanding the different legal company structures available under Egyptian Companies Law (Law No. 159 of 1981) is your essential first step. Egypt recognizes several distinct company types, each with unique rules around…
Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 introduces a fundamentally reformed dispute resolution system, including dedicated specialised labour courts that begin operating in October 2025. For expats, understanding how to navigate workplace disputes — from unpaid wages to unfair…
Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 introduces some of the strongest statutory protections against workplace discrimination and harassment that the country has ever enacted. For expats, these provisions are directly relevant: the law explicitly prohibits unequal treatment on…
For expats living in Egypt, questions about marriage, divorce, inheritance, and family legal status are among the most important — and most complex — areas of the law. The Egyptian Civil Code contains specific rules about which country's law governs these matters for foreign…
Whether you are renting a home, hiring staff, or entering a business partnership in Egypt, understanding how Egyptian contract law works is essential. The Egyptian Civil Code sets out clear rules about which law governs contracts, how obligations arise, and what happens when…
Egypt's Civil Code (Law No. 131 of 1948) is the foundational legal framework governing everyday transactions, contracts, property rights, and personal relationships for everyone living in Egypt — including foreign nationals. Understanding how this law works can save expats from…
Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 contains a detailed framework covering vocational training, employment services, and protections for informal workers — areas that affect a significant number of expats and foreign professionals working in Egypt. Whether you are undertaking…
Understanding your employment contract is one of the most important steps you can take as an expat working in Egypt. Egypt's Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 sets out clear rules about contractual rights, what employers can and cannot include in agreements, and how workers are protected…
Egypt's new Labour Law No. 14 of 2025 replaces the previous Labour Law No. 12 of 2003 and introduces significant updates affecting both Egyptian and foreign workers employed in the country. As an expat working in Egypt, understanding your rights and obligations under this…
Egypt's Civil Code lays down essential rules governing how contracts are formed, which law applies to obligations, and how property rights in real estate and movable assets are determined. For expats living, working, or investing in Egypt, these rules directly affect the…
Egypt's Civil Code establishes when a person acquires legal rights, how those rights are proven, and when they end. For expats in Egypt, understanding the concept of legal personality is foundational — it underpins your ability to own property, sign contracts, bring lawsuits, and…
One of the most confusing legal questions for expats in Egypt is determining which country's law governs their personal status, contracts, property, and family matters. Egypt's Civil Code contains detailed conflict-of-laws rules that determine exactly this. Whether you are…
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